GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Dinesh Bhugra: a personal history of Psychiatry18133710.52095/gpa.2020.1337ENDinesh BhugraEmeritus Professor Mental Health & Cultural Diversity,IoPPN, Kings College,London SE5 8AFJournal Article20201023In the past 40 years, the practice of psychiatry has changed dramatically from asylums to community care to personalized home-based treatments. The personal history of working in various settings and changing NHS indicates that an ability to change one’s clinical practice is a critical skill. Being a migrant and an International Medical Graduate brings with it certain specific challenges. Personal histories provide a very specific account that is inherently incomplete and perhaps biased, but personal accounts also give history a tinge that academic accounts cannot. In this account, changes in the NHS have been discussed with regards to changes in clinical care of patients with psychiatric disorders as well as research and training.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Current challenges of suicide and future directions of management in Bangladesh: a systematic review920133810.52095/gpa.2020.1338ENS.M. Yasir ArafatDepartment of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> Bangladesh is a densely populated country in south-east Asia with paucity of research in suicide. This systematic review was aimed at critical appraising various aspects of suicide in Bangladesh based on available literature and systematic search.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> Extensive literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, PubMed Central, Google, Google Scholar and BanglaJOL with searching key words without any date boundary and without any basis of types of studies, that is, all types of studies were scrutinised. The author focused on sources of suicide data along with epidemiological variables of suicides in Bangladesh such as suicide rate, gender of victims, methods of suicides, risk factors and prevention activities and role of media in suicide.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> After exclusion of repetitions, screening was performed, and finally, 35 articles were selected for review. Amongst the 35 articles, 16 articles were original contributions, 2 systematic reviews, 6 narrative reviews, 2 scoping reviews, 3 editorials, 3 case reports and rest correspondence article. The review revealed that the actual rate of suicide in Bangladesh is yet to come out and quality data is a real challenge. Women are dying more than the men, and early adulthood is the most vulnerable time of life.<br /> <br /> <br /> Discussion<br /> Suicide is a under attended problem in Bangladesh, as the country yet to reveal the actual rate of suicide along with the challenge of quality data. Prevention activities have been started but yet to be visualised. Decriminalisation of suicide in the legal criteria and establishment of suicide surveillance can be the top priorities in the country.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Nocturnal Enuresis is an Under-recognised Side Effect of Clozapine: Results of a Systematic Review2130133910.52095/gpa.2020.1339ENNiku DhillonCarseview centre, 4 Tom McDonald Avenue, Dundee, UK. DD2 1NHReinhard HeunProfessor of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, GermanyJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic medication licenced for the management of treatment resistant schizophrenia. Due to its non-selective pharmacology, it has a broad range of side effects. Nocturnal enuresis secondary to the use of clozapine has been documented in the literature but may be overlooked, the link between drug and symptom being clinically unnoticed. Patients may not mention urinary symptoms due to supervening psychosis, co-existing symptomatology, embarrassment or shame. By raising awareness of the phenomenon, early recognition and patient support may improve compliance with clozapine medication, and consecutively, overall mental health. Consequently, this systematic review investigates the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis secondary to clozapine use.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> A literature search on clozapine and nocturnal enuresis was used to identify the relevant papers. Papers providing the prevalence data on Clozapine associated nocturnal enuresis were selected for data extraction.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> 47 papers were initially identified. Eight papers focused on the prevalence of clozapine associated nocturnal enuresis (CANE). Point prevalence (nocturnal enuresis at the time of assessment), 1-month prevalence and episode prevalence (nocturnal enuresis since beginning of clozapine) were given. Papers included patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar affective disorder and psychotic depression, taking clozapine medication. The prevalence of CANE ranged from 10–42%. Point prevalence was 21–27%, 1-month prevalence was 10–39% and episode prevalence was 15–42%. Clozapine was more likely to cause nocturnal enuresis compared to other psychotropic medication.<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusion<br /> The prevalence of CANE may be greater than previously thought. However, in order to determine an accurate prevalence of clozapine associated nocturnal enuresis, larger studies with strict inclusion criteria, common definition of diagnosis and prevalence are required. By establishing an accurate prevalence, physician awareness can be improved, and patients can becounselled on the risk of developing the side effect, thus improving early identification and reducing discontinuation rates.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Depression literacy among first-year university students: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh3136134010.52095/gpa.2020.1340ENS.M. Yasir ArafatDepartment of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshM A Al MamunDepartment of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Undergraduate Research OrganizationMd. Saleh UddinDepartment of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> Early detection of depression has been assumed to lead to its earlier and better care. Increased depression literacy among the general population might play a vital role in the early and successful detection and treatment. We aimed to investigate depression literacy among the first year university students, to be able to compare their depression literacy with those of other previously investigated groups, we hypothesized that depression literacy might be different from other groups such as patients and other subjects from the general population. Knowledge about depression might also be different in female and male students.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> This cross-sectional study was conducted among the first-year students of Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh between January and May 2018. A convenience sample of 306 students was randomly identified from a list of students obtained from the authority. Relevant sociodemographic variables were collected. Students were interviewed using the Bangla Depression Literacy scale (D-Lit Bangla). This was a semi structured interview asking for the knowledge on 20 different characteristics of depression. Collected data were analysed to estimate the mean score and 95% confidence intervals of D-Lit Bangla scores.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> The mean score of the correctly identified characteristics of depression was 6.55 (95% CI = 6.31 to 6.89). Only five characteristics of depression were correctly identified by more than 50% participants, that is, sleep change (76.7%), feeling of guilt (75.2%), low self-esteem (81.8%), psychomotor changes (64.6%) and identification of famous people suffering from depression (66.7%). Only a very small portion of the participants correctly knew about psychotic symptoms and different options for the treatment of depression. There were no significant differences between male and female students in the amount and pattern of knowledge of depression.<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusions<br /> The study revealed poor literacy status among the first-year university students of Bangladesh. Both male and female gender have similar amount of depression literacy.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Shisha Smokers’ Desire To Quit Shisha Smoking Habit: Findings From A Nigerian Pilot Survey3742134110.52095/gpa.2020.1341ENFaruk Abdullahi MohammedDental Clinic, Kebbi State Medical Centre, Kalgo, Nigeria
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jaipur Dental College, Maharaj Vinayak Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IndiaKehinde Kazeem KanmodiDental Clinic, Kebbi State Medical Centre, Kalgo, Nigeria
Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, NigeriaOmotayo Francis FagbuleCephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, NigeriaMiracle Ayomikun AdesinaCephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, NigeriaNwafor Jacob Njideka3D Media Inc, Abakaliki, NigeriaHamza Abubakar SadiqDepartment of Community Health, Kebbi State Primary Health Care Development Agency, Birnin Kebbi, NigeriaJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> To explore the reasons why shisha smokers indulge in shisha smoking habit, and to also explore their attitudes towards quitting shisha smoking habit<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> A total of 45 current shisha smokers participated in the study. The study tool was a paper questionnaire. Snowballing technique was the sampling method adopted in the recruitment of study participants. Data obtained was analyzed using the SPSS version 20 software<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 25.8 (±5.5) years and majority (71.1%) of them were males. The top two reasons why the participants smoke shisha were: “for pleasure” (40%); and “to feel among” (33.3%). The majority (66.7%) of the participants wanted to quit shisha smoking habits. However, only 54.5% (18/33) of them indicated that they made efforts at quitting the behavior within the past one year. Also, only 66.7% (28/42) and 65.6% (21/32) of those participants who had a close friend and a close family member/relative that smoke shisha, respectively, wanted to quit shisha smoking habit<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusion<br /> This study shows diverse reasons why shisha smokers engage in shisha smoking habit. Also, many of these smokers were willing to quit shisha smoking habits but, unfortunately, they are yet to quit the habit. This demonstrates the need for social support of shisha smokers in our environment towards quitting shisha smoking habit<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501The proportion of binge drinking among female social drinkers of Kalingalinga in Lusaka, Zambia: a pilot study4350134210.52095/gpa.2020.1342ENDanny Vumbi LikashiDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of ZambiaRavi PaulDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of ZambiaLuty JasonLocum Consultant, Liaison Psychiatry, LeicesterJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> Alcohol is a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties. Alcohol’s harmful use causes large burden diseases like social and economic burden in societies. Binge drinking is one of the commonest forms of alcohol misuse and has been on an increase among many young women, who find alcohol a source of pleasure and enjoyment when they have timeout with friends and peers. Since binge drinking involves consumption of alcohol on an irregular basis, it may not be viewed as a hazardous form of alcohol use by many drinkers. The present study is aimed at estimating the proportion of female binge drinkers in the population of female social drinkers in Kalingalinga township of Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia. We hypothesised that the proportion of binge drinking in the population of female social drinkers is significantly high.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> Through snowball sampling, 100 questionnaires (i.e., Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-AUDIT) were successfully distributed to and collected from the female social drinkers aged 20–39 years between August and September, 2016. A two-fold process was followed in identifying the binge drinkers; screening for hazardous alcohol drinkers by identifying those that scored 8 points or above in the first place, and thereafter, identifying binge drinking characteristics from the hazardous drinkers by following scores from the first three questions on the AUDIT.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> The results reviewed that 54 of the 100 participants had some form of hazardous alcohol use and 30 of the 54 hazardous drinkers possessed some binge drinking characteristics. The proportion of female binge drinkers in a population of female alcohol drinkers was estimated to be 0.556 (56.6%), while in the general population, it was estimated to be 0.094. This implies that 9.4% of women aged 20–39 years of Kalingalinga in Lusaka engage in alcohol binge drinking, consuming on average 7–9 drinks on occasion almost on a weekly basis. Further, if 56% of all female alcohol drinkers aged 20–39 years seem to engage in some form of alcohol binge drinking, it means that that binge drinking is the highest form of alcohol misuse among these female drinkers.<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusion<br /> The results of the present study suggest that there is more alcohol binge drinking among the female social drinkers of Kalingalinga in Lusaka, with an estimated proportion of 0.556 (55.6%) among the female alcohol drinkers and 0.094 (9.4%) in the general population of females aged between 20–39 years. The implication is that alcohol binge drinking seems to be the highest form of alcohol misuse among female drinkers in Kalingalinga.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Impact of Social Context on the Self-Concept of Gay and Lesbian Youth: A Systematic Review5178134310.52095/gpa.2020.1343ENFatima HossainUniversity of EdinburghNuno FerreiraUniversity of NicosiaJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> Self-concept distortion has been extensively linked with decreasing mental health in gay and lesbian youth. Social context has been proposed to have a moderating effect on the development of a healthy self-concept. However, no good quality review has approached these concepts with regards to LGBT youth.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> A systematic review was conducted on the relationship between social context and self-concept in gay and lesbian youth. Twenty studies were included in the review.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> Quality assessment of papers yielded moderate methodological strength. Findings implied that social context has considerable influence on self-concept development. Discrepancies in assessment methods, areas of social context examined, and one-dimensional nature of examining self-concept interferes with drawing explicit conclusions regarding the relationship between social context and self-concept.<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusion<br /> Positivity of social context is not conclusively relatable to positive self-concept development, and similarly, a negative context is not predetermining of self-concept distortions. Building on resilience factors of gay and lesbian youth, working together with families, and advancing and utilizing available educational and community resources should mitigate the strength of overt and covert heterosexism hindering healthy self-concept development. Further longitudinal and cross-cultural research will be necessary to provide insight into the mechanisms of associations.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501A systematic review of mindfulness based interventions for children and young people with ADHD and their parents7996134410.52095/gpa.2020.1344ENIllaria TercelliUniversity of EdinburghNuno FerreiraUniversity of NicosiaJournal Article20201023Objective<br /> Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in childhood, which may pose risks in later life such as academic underachievement and anti-social behaviour. It has been suggested that mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) may contribute to positive outcomes with child and adult populations. In this article, we aim to systematically review the literature regarding the effectiveness of MBI on both children with ADHD and their parents.<br /> <br /> <br /> Method<br /> Seven databases were searched using the PRISMA criteria and included peer-reviewed journals and grey literature.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggested that MBI had positive results in addressing attention deficits in children with ADHD, but in terms of hyperactivity, the evidence was conflicting. MBI interventions also appear to effectively address parental stress and family functioning. However, the rating from the quality assessment showed several methodological limitations.<br /> <br /> <br /> Discussion<br /> The current evidence on the impact of MBI on ADHD symptoms is non-conclusive. However, promising data indicated the potential for MBI in addressing parental stress and family functioning. Further research is recommended to overcome the current methodological limitations.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501The Impact of Childhood Trauma and Depressive Symptoms on Body Mass Index97106134510.52095/gpa.2020.1345ENLara N. SchulzeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, GermanySandra Van Der AuweraDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/ Greifswald, GermanyDeborah JanowitzDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, GermanyJohannes HertelDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, GermanyKatharina WittfeldDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/ Greifswald, GermanyRené WalkDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, GermanyNele FriedrichInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldHenry VölzkeInstitute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, GermanyHans J. GrabeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/ Greifswald, GermanyJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> Obesity is associated with several somatic diseases and increased psychological burden. This study focused on two potential psychological predictors of the body mass index (BMI), childhood trauma and depressive symptoms.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> We used three independent populations: two general population samples (Study of Health in Pomerania, SHIP-2, N = 1,657; SHIP-TREND-0, N = 3,278) and one patient sample (GANI_MED, N = 1,742). Childhood trauma was measured with the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and depression with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in SHIP-2 and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in SHIP-TREND-0 and GANI_MED. We investigated the impact of childhood trauma and depression on BMI. Furthermore, we used mediation analysis to assess whether depression was a significant mediator on the path from childhood trauma to adult BMI in each of the three samples.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> In all the three populations, depressive symptoms exhibited a significant association towards higher BMI (p < 0.05). Childhood trauma was positively associated with BMI with significant associations in SHIP-TREND-0 (p < 0.001) and GANI_MED (p = 0.005). The relationship between CTQ and BMI was significantly partially mediated (p < 0.05) by depressive symptoms in SHIP-TREND-0 (38.0%) and GANI_MED (16.4%), in SHIP-2 results pointed in the same direction. All the trauma sub-dimensions, except sexual abuse, exhibited at least one significant association towards increased BMI in one of the samples.<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusions<br /> Childhood trauma and depressive symptoms may be considered as causes of obesity. These results suggest that psychological treatments against obesity should address childhood maltreatment as well as depressive symptoms in their diagnostic assessment and could facilitate psychotherapeutic treatment when necessary.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES2754-93802120190501Can reading too much make me run mad? Exploring students’ assumptions and academic performance107112134610.52095/gpa.2020.1346ENKehinde Kazeem KanmodiNational Teachers’ Institute, Kebbi Study Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
Healthy Mind Program, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization, Kalgo, NigeriaOlanrewaju Isaac OwoeyeDepartment of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, NigeriaAlmu BelloCephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, NigeriaLinda Ekele IyadiCephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
Healthy Mind Program, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization, Kalgo, NigeriaJournal Article20201023Objectives<br /> To determine the prevalence of the assumption that ‘reading too much’ could cause madness (i.e., severe mental illness) among medical, nursing, and community health students, and also explore the relationship between these students’ status on this assumption and their academic performance.<br /> <br /> <br /> Methods<br /> This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among a convenient sample of medical, nursing, and community health students (n = 122) studying within the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital campus, Sokoto, Nigeria. Study tool was a paper questionnaire, which obtained information on the demographic profile, awareness of ‘madness’, assumption that ‘reading too much’ is a cause of madness, and self-rating of the participants’ academic performance in their current course of study. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS version 20 software. Test of associations between variables were done using Chi square test.<br /> <br /> <br /> Results<br /> The mean age of the 122 respondents was 27.3 years, majority (61.5%) of them were males, and 53.3% were medical students. More than half of the surveyed nursing students (54.2%) and community health students (55.6%), unlike the surveyed medical students (24.6%), had the assumption that reading too much could make them run mad. There was no statistically significant relationship between the assumption that ‘reading too much’ is a cause of mental illness and academic performance of the respondents.<br /> <br /> <br /> Conclusion<br /> Assumption that reading too much could cause madness is a fairly common phenomenon among the surveyed tertiary school students, irrespective of their level of academic performance. There exists the need to disabuse the minds of tertiary school students from the assumption that reading too much could make one run mad.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />