ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The vulnerability and resiliency of childhood
Life is full of stressors, which have to be confronted efficiently to grow up. However, reaction to stressors is personalized, complex and coordinated. Vulnerable persons adjust poorly to stressors and express inappropriate responses, while resilient persons practice adaptive physiological and psychological responses. Promotion of resiliency is an intricated issue, which demands strategies at both macro and micro-level. Microlevel strategies are focused on the community, family and individual level, while macrolevel strategies formulate the principles. Nevertheless, prediction of vulnerability and resiliency is really a challenge, as different persons facing same stressors react differently. Some are growing as resilient and others as vulnerable. We aimed to discuss resiliency, vulnerability, importance in relation to health outcome, promotion of resiliency and controversies of vulnerability and resiliency.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1327_b6b8e539a3d3306c804db19212241619.pdf
2020-10-23
113
120
10.52095/gpa.2020.1327
Childhood vulnerability
childhood resiliency
chronic stress
vulnerable factors
resilient factors
S M
Yasir Arafat
1
Department of Psychiatry, CARe Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
LEAD_AUTHOR
Konstantinos
Papadopoulos
2
Middlesex University, UK
AUTHOR
Mohammad S I
Mullick
3
Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
Md. Saleh
Uddin
4
Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Eating disorders, risk and management: a personal journey and a South African and African perspective
Eating disorders are amongst the most, disabling and lethal of psychiatric conditions. These conditions affect predominantly adolescent and young adult females, but not exclusively so. Whilst stereotypically diagnosed in western, urban societies their emergence in a range of population groups beyond the aforementioned has challenged the stereotype – no more so than in South Africa where eating disorders had not been diagnosed in black, female South Africans until the 1990s. Creating awareness of the changing demographic profile and thus risk was critical in ensuring appropriate diagnosis and management. Whilst this was a key feature of my personal journey there were numerous other aspects of risk explored for the development of eating disorders, as well as management, which will be highlighted and discussed in the paper. This has been especially relevant within the South African context.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1328_fc03f560b951b9b539436b012f91673a.pdf
2020-10-23
121
134
10.52095/gpa.2020.1328
eating disorders
South Africa
post- apartheid
Africa
risk
management
Christopher Paul
Szabo
1
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Barriers and facilitators to conducting research by early career psychiatrists: a literature review
Objectives To understand and identify factors that promote and prevent research participation among early career psychiatrists (ECPs), in order to understand what would encourage more ECPs to pursue a research career. Methods We conducted an electronic search of databases (PubMed and the Cochrane library) using the keywords ‘doctors’, ‘trainees’, ‘residents’, ‘physicians’ and ‘psychiatric trainees’ as well as ‘research’ (MeSH) and ‘publishing’ (MeSH). This search was complemented by a secondary hand search. Results We identified 524 articles, of which 16 fulfilled inclusion criteria for this review. The main barriers included lack of dedicated time for research, lack of mentoring and lack of funding. The main facilitators were opportunities to receive mentorship and access to research funding. Conclusions Action is needed to counteract the lack of ECPs interested in a career in research. Specific programs encouraging ECPs to pursue research careers and having access to mentors could help increase the current numbers of researching clinicians in the field.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1329_03c1d2b87f8c05c2d2104dad34eed770.pdf
2020-10-23
135
154
10.52095/gpa.2020.1329
barriers
Facilitators
research training
psychiatric training
early career psychiatrists
psychiatric trainees
residency training
Katja
Koelkebeck
1
LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maja Pantovic
Stefanovic
2
Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
AUTHOR
Dorota
Frydecka
3
Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wybrzeze L. Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
AUTHOR
Claudia
Palumbo
4
Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Bari, Italy
AUTHOR
Olivier
Andlauer
5
East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, Trust 9 Allie Street, London, E1 8DE, United Kingdom
AUTHOR
Florian
Riese
6
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, Cherry Tree Way, E13 8SP London, United Kingdom
AUTHOR
Nikolina
Jovanovic
n.jovanovic@qmul.ac.uk
7
Mental Health Neuroscience Department, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
AUTHOR
Mariana
Pinto da Costa
8
Mental Health Neuroscience Department, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, University of Porto, Oporto, R. Prof. Álvaro Rodrigues, 4149-003 Porto, Portugal
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Positive impact of clinical pharmacist interventions on antipsychotic use in patients on excessive polypharmacy evidenced in a retrospective cohort study
Objectives Although antipsychotic prescribing in elderly patients using polypharmacy has not been studied in well-designed clinical trials and meta-analyses, there is an urgent need to monitor prescribing practice in this population. One of the possible approaches to optimize pharmacotherapy may be the involvement of clinical pharmacists (CPs). The aim of this research was to examine whether the involvement of a CP can improve treatment guidelines adherence and change the total number of medications per patient in older patients who are treated with excessive polypharmacy that includes antipsychotics. Methods This cohort retrospective study included older patients (65 years or older) treated with at least one antipsychotic and excessive polypharmacy (10 or more medications concurrently) between 2012 and 2014 in primary care. The main outcome measures were antipsychotic treatment guidelines’ adherence and the total number of medications per patient after the CP’s interventions. Only interventions including antipsychotics were studied in detail (i.e., discontinuation, switching, initiation, dose adjustment, change of another medication because of a drug-related problem). Data on diagnoses, patient pharmacotherapy and the CP’s interventions were obtained from clinical records and medical reviews. Age and acceptance of the CP’s interventions were used as predictive factors for antipsychotic treatment guidelines’ adherence. Results Forty-nine patients were included. The CP suggested 21 different interventions of which nine (42.8%) were accepted by the general practitioners. The number of medications that patients received decreased after the CP’s interventions (N of medications before: 15.4; N of medications after: 12.0, p < 0.05). The acceptance of the CP’s recommendations, but not age, improved antipsychotic treatment guidelines’ adherence (p = 0.041). Conclusions These results show that a collaborative care approach including a CP in primary care significantly improved the adherence to treatment guidelines. The results also support the implementation of this service in the Slovenian healthcare system, although more studies are needed.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1330_0701722298f44add25dcc7b485b80684.pdf
2020-10-23
155
164
10.52095/gpa.2020.1330
polypharmacy
Clinical pharmacy
psychopharmacology
antipsychotics
Aging
Primary Care
Matej
Stuhec
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ormoz Psychiatric Hospital, Ptujska Cesta 33, SI-2270 Ormoz, Slovenia, European Union
AUTHOR
M.
Pharm
2
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, European Union
AUTHOR
Katja
Gorenc
3
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, European Union
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Anxiety in a dental and maxillofacial surgery consulting room: does previous experience matter?
Objectives To explore the associations between previous dental visits and dental anxiety among patients presenting at the dental and maxillofacial surgery clinic of Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Materials and methods This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among 172 patients. Study instrument was a 9-item structured questionnaire, which obtained information about the participants regarding their: demographic profile; previous dental experience; and dental anxiety status in a dental and maxillofacial surgery consulting room. Data collected were analyzed using the SPSS Version 20 Software. Associations between variables were evaluated using Chi-square statistics using a p < 0.05 to determine the level of statistical significance. Results Roughly, six-tenth (57.6%) of the participants were males. The observed prevalence of dental anxiety among the participants was 47.7%. A history of pain experience during past dental treatment as well as a history of past dental visit were found to have statistically significant relationships with participants’ dental anxiety status (p-values < 0.05). However, the frequency of previous dental visits, a history of past dental treatment, and a history of use of intraoral injections in the course of past dental treatment were found to have no statistically significant relationship with participants’ status of dental anxiety (p-values > 0.05). Finally, the prevalence of dental anxiety among the groups of female folks with “a history of previous visit to a dentist” and “a history of pain experience in the past dental treatment” were found to be significantly higher than that observed among similar groups among the male folks (p-values < 0.05). Conclusion Previous experience of pain plays a major role of influence over dental anxiety experience among patients. Hence, dental practitioners need to pay more attention towards dental anxiety management among patients, especially women.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1331_5a6d20395f260709350d91e6fdd390ee.pdf
2020-10-23
165
170
10.52095/gpa.2020.1331
Dental anxiety
Dentist
dental
maxillofacial
Surgery
Experience
patient
pain management
treatment
Nigeria
Wasiu Olalekan
Olawole
1
Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Kehinde Kazeem
Kanmodi
2
World Health Organization, Kebbi State Field Office, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria Healthy Mind Program, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization, Kalgo, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Abdulwarith
Akinshipo
3
Department of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Abdulrazzaq
Olanrewaju Taiwo
4
Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) supplementation on the cognitive performance of young healthy adults – a Systematic Review
Objectives Guarana (Paullinia cupana) from the Sapindaceae family, native to the Amazon basin, is a natural stimulant herb that can be found in popular energy drinks, pharmaceutical shops or local herb shops. With the use of natural health products increasing, guarana has gained a fair amount of popularity in the past years. In this systematic review, we examined the effects of guarana supplementation on cognitive performance. A secondary objective was to compare guarana with caffeine on cognitive performance. Methods Searches were made in PubMed using the terms ‘Guarana’ or ‘Paullinia cupana’. Filters focused on Controlled Clinical trials. Inclusion criteria were met by studies using interventions with guarana, while focusing on guarana’s effects on cognition. Participants needed to be young, healthy adults. Studies not published in English or Greek were excluded. The last date of our search was March 7, 2019. Results A total of 29 studies were identified and screened. After screening, 17 studies were excluded. The remaining 12 studies were found eligible for data extraction. After reading the full text of the 12 studies, 3 studies were excluded. In the end, 9 studies were found eligible for our systematic review (n = 369 participants). In these studies, guarana showed to improve reaction time and accuracy of performance at cognitive tasks. No significant differences were found when comparing guarana with caffeine. Conclusion Guarana seems to improve reaction time and accuracy of performance at tasks, but no significant effects were found when compared with caffeine. High quality randomized controlled clinical trials with a low risk of bias are needed to further study the herb.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1332_d84412d0a60898ed36f302fcee9435a3.pdf
2020-10-23
171
182
10.52095/gpa.2020.1332
Guarana
Paullinia Cupana
Caffeine
Cognition
Nootropics
Herbal medicine
systematic review
Konstantinos
Fanaras
kostaskf@yahoo.com
1
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reinhard
Heun
2
Professor of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6)
Objective The 6 item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) is a screening tool for psychological distress with robust psychometric properties; however, information is lacking on such properties of the scale on its Bangla version. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the K6 scale in young people. Method A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted between August 2017 and April 2018 among 718 students aged 13-24 years (45% females) from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Psychological distress was assessed using the Bangla K6. The survey was repeated in a week. Statistical software AMOS 25 and Stata SE 14 were used to conduct the analyses. Results The Bangla K6 scale demonstrated an acceptable internal consistency with high Cronbach alpha. Principal component analysis confirmed a single-factor structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one-factor structure of the scale with adequate fit to the survey data. Test-retest reliability was acceptable with good reliability coefficients. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed good prediction of depressive symptoms by the Bangla K6 scores. Discussion This study provides an initial support for the Bangla K6 scale as an acceptable instrument to assess psychological distress of Bangla-speaking young people. More research is needed to understand our ability to identify vulnerable individuals, whose native language is Bangla and who are in need of mental health support.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1333_759ba492b5d731c7ff4403ff79158237.pdf
2020-10-23
183
194
10.52095/gpa.2020.1333
Kessler 6
Psychological Distress
mental health
reliability
Bengali
Bangla
Bangladesh
Asaduzzaman
Khan
1
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia Active Healthy Kids Bangladesh, Bangladesh
LEAD_AUTHOR
Riaz
Uddin
2
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia Active Healthy Kids Bangladesh, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
Naznin
Alam
3
Department of Business Administration, Stamford University Bangladesh, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
Shuhana
Sultana
4
Department of Health Promotion & Health Education, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
Mahbub-Ul
Alam
5
Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
Rushdia
Ahmed
6
Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Bangladesh BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of River Bank Erosion on Mental Health and Coping Capacity in Bangladesh
Objectives Riverbank erosion is a regular phenomenon that displaces millions of people every year worldwide. More than 100,000 people are displaced due to river erosion every year in Bangladesh. People have to resettle in a different place leaving behind their property and familiar environment. This transformation with economic crisis acts as a major stressor for the persons and their families. However, people may adapt different strategies to adapt this difficult situation and keep themselves healthy. They might have higher coping skills due to what they had to endure. This study aimed to find out the difference in the mental health status and coping strategies among the river bank erosion affected and non-affected people in Bangladesh Methods We interviewed 100 adult respondents, of whom 50 had been affected and 50 had never been affected by river erosion in Bangladesh. All the participants completed self-report sociodemographic questionnaires; their mental state was evaluated with the Bangla version of the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and the coping was measured using the COPE scale. Result The mental health well-being score of the affected group was significantly lower than the non-affected group. However, accounting for gender, income and age, the affected group had lower mean score in coping (55.86) then the non-affected group (64.04). However, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Riverbank erosion is a major natural disaster in Bangladesh that makes people vulnerable to mental disorder. However, it receives less attention; we hope this study will stimulate future researcher to explore mental state and coping mechanism in multiple perspectives and develop evidence-based service for them.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1334_e2eb84ba8126439aafbf0638bbb465f4.pdf
2020-10-23
195
200
10.52095/gpa.2020.1334
Riverbank erosion
mental health
coping strategy
Bangladesh
Resilience
Sarzam
Arobi
1
MSc. in Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000
AUTHOR
Jamiun
Naher
2
Asst. Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000
AUTHOR
Tanjir
Rashid Soron
3
Managing Director, Telepsychiatry Research and Innovation Network Ltd
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of depression later in life. A cross sectional study in East Attica, Greece
Objectives The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of depression later in life in an urban area and to investigate the associations between possible risk and protective factors including adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the active members of the open day-care centres for older people, in East-Attica, Greece. An anonymous questionnaire was developed to collect basic demographic and medical data, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was applied to screen the elderly for depressive symptoms, the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) was used to quantify sleep disturbances and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Statistics was processed with SPSS 24.0. Results 154 older adults took part in the study. According to GDS-15, 24.7% (21.4% moderate and 3.2% severe type) screened positive for depressive symptoms. 29.9% of the participants reported inadequate sleep, based on AIS. Depression and insomnia in older participants were more frequent in women than in men, in lower educated, in participants with lower monthly income and in older people with comorbidity (p < 0.05). MDS revealed that adherence to a Mediterranean diet was moderate for 64.3% of the participants, and it was high for 34.4%. Depression diagnosed by a physician, was strongly associated with MDS (p = 0.035) and AIS (p = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis results revealed a diet higher in vegetables and lower in poultry and alcohol was associated with decreased likelihood of developing symptoms of depression later in life. Conclusions Our results support that depression in older adults is common and strongly associated with several risk factors. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet may protect against the development of depressive symptoms in older age. Moreover, not only diet but also sleep-deficiency might contribute to the depression later in life.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1335_e0250d52ef60d5a8f72b923457f005ce.pdf
2020-10-23
201
210
10.52095/gpa.2020.1335
depression
older age
Mediterranean diet
Insomnia
Geriatric Depression Scale 15
Athens Insomnia Scale
Mediterranean Diet Score
Konstantinos
Argyropoulos
1
Postgraduate Program ‘Aging and Chronic Diseases Management’, Joint degree, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly & Hellenic Open University, Greece
LEAD_AUTHOR
Evangelia
Machini
2
Postgraduate Program ‘Aging and Chronic Diseases Management’, Joint degree, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly & Hellenic Open University, Greece
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Association of severity of depressive symptoms with sleep quality, social support and stress among Pakistani medical and dental students: A cross-sectional study
Objectives This study has been designed to elucidate the prevalence of stress, depression and poor sleep among medical students in a Pakistani medical school. There is a paucity of data on social support among medical students in Pakistan; an important predictor of depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study was also aimed to demonstrate the direct and indirect impact of social support in alleviating depressive symptoms in the study sample. Methods This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, where a total of 400 students at a medical school were approached between 1st January to 31st March 2018 to participate in the study. The study sample comprised of medical and dental students enrolled at a privately financed Pakistani medical and dental school. The participants responded to a self-administered survey comprising of five parts: a) demographics, b) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), c) Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), d) Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and e) Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4). All data were analysed using SPSS v. 20. Linear regression analysis was used to reveal the predictors of depression. Results In total, 353 medical students participated, yielding a response rate of 88.25%. Overall, poor sleep quality was experienced by 205 (58.1%) students. Mild to severe depression was reported by 83% of the respondents: mild depression by 104 (29.5%), moderate depression by 104 (29.5%), moderately severe depression by 54 (15.3%) and severe depression by 31 (8.8%) respondents. Subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, daytime dysfunction and stress levels were significantly associated with depression symptoms. Social support was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms in the regression model (Beta = -0.08, P < 0.09); however, it acted as a significant mediator, reducing the strength of the relationship between depressive symptoms and sleep quality and stress. Conclusions According to our study, a large proportion of healthcare (medical and dental) students were found to be suffering from mild to moderate depression and experienced poor sleep quality. It is concluded that social support is an important variable in predicting depressive symptomatology by ameliorating the effects of poor sleep quality and high stress levels.
https://globalpsychiatry.co.uk/article_1336_c2a914031f66a440770ff8c32cf3a003.pdf
2020-10-23
211
220
10.52095/gpa.2020.1336
Sleep
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
stress
depression
social support
patient health questionnaire
medical students
Pakistan
Ahmed
Waqas
1
CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, Abdul Rehman Rd, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore, Punjab, 56400, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aqsa
Iftikhar
2
Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Shabbir Ahmed Usmani Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54550, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Zahra
Malik
3
CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, Abdul Rehman Rd, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore, Punjab, 56400, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Kapil Kiran
Aedma
4
Unity Point Health Methodist , Peoria, IL 61605, USA
AUTHOR
Hafsa
Meraj
5
Sharif Medical & Dental College, Jati Umra, Raiwind, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Sadiq
Naveed
6
Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
AUTHOR